Resultados de una estrategia para la internacionalización en el desarrollo de la educación médica superior desde la experiencia Cuba - México

La internacionalización de las universidades cubanas favorece el cumplimiento de la misión de la educación superior, propicia que la universidad sea cada vez más innovadora y contribuye, de esa manera, al logro de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible propuestos en la Agenda 2030. La internacionalización constituye una gran fuerza para el desarrollo de una universidad moderna fundamentada en esquemas de formación: ante todo humanista, de alto nivel, con gran sensibilidad social, lo que sólo se puede alcanzar con el desarrollo de Instituciones de Educación Superior de mayor trascendencia académica, en el contexto internacional. Con estos fundamentos se realizó una investigación con el objetivo de sistematizar los resultados de una estrategia para la internacionalización de la educación médica superior. Se enmarca en un convenio de colaboración entre instituciones de Cuba y México y la creación de una red académica, que impulsa actividades de investigación y docencia en pre y posgrado. Se trata de una investigación de naturaleza documental. La revisión de textos, en formato impreso y digital, se orientó al análisis de los resultados de la experiencia de Cuba- México, en los ámbitos: intercambio académico, movilidad docente, participación en proyectos científicos colaborativos y formación doctoral, que se materializan en los resultados obtenidos.

The internationalization of Cuban universities favors the fulfillment of the mission of higher education, encourages the university to be increasingly innovative and thus contributes to the achievement of the sustainable development goals proposed in the 2030 Agenda. Internationalization constitutes a great force for the development of a modern university based on training schemes: above all humanistic, high level, with great social sensitivity, which can only be achieved with the development of Higher Education Institutions of greater academic significance, in the international context. With these foundations, an investigation was carried out with the objective of systematizing the results of a strategy for internationalization of higher medical education. It is part of a collaboration agreement between institutions in Cuba and Mexico and the creation of an academic network, which promotes research and teaching activities in undergraduate and postgraduate courses. This is an investigation of a documentary nature, in which the review of texts, in printed and digital format, was oriented to the analysis of the results of the Cuba-Mexico exchange experience, in the areas: academic exchange, teacher mobility , participation in collaborative scientific projects and doctoral training, which materialize in the results obtained. From the critical and contrasted reading, the systematization was carried out.

Cooperación Internacional: Un desafío en la Educación Superior Pública y Regional

R E S U M E N El artículo tiene por objetivo el analizar la cooperación internacional, desde el convenio entre la Universidad de Atacama UDA-Chile y la Universidad de Nariño UDENAR-Colombia, las dos instituciones son de educación superior públicas y regionales. El estudio fue cualitativo - descriptivo, los participantes fueron I3 entre docentes, administrativos y estudiantes pertenecientes a las dos universidades. Sus edades fluctúan entre los 21 y 59 años, hombres y mujeres, nacidos en Chile o Colombia. Se utilizó como técnicas de recolección de información el análisis documental y un cuestionario con preguntas abiertas. Los resultados muestran una valoración positiva del convenio puesto que se ha manejado desde las tres funciones sustantivas universitarias: docencia, investigación e interacción social; en este mismo sentido se hace fuerte los aprendizajes adquiridos por cada participante y la necesidad de profundizar en investigación. Se concluye que la internacionalización tiene muchos beneficios desde el intercambio cultural, el prestigio internacional y los aprendizajes, así como la transdisiciplinariedad del convenio, que a través del pensamiento crítico construyendo espacios de diálogo de saberes no fragmentado en disciplinas, sino unido por un interés genuino por el conocimiento.

The article aims to analyze international cooperation, from the agreement between the University of Atacama UDA-Chile and the University of Nariño UDENAR-Colombia, the two institutions are public and regional higher education. The study was qualitative - descriptive, the participants were I3 among teachers, administrators and students belonging to the two universities. Their ages fluctuate between 21 and 59 years, men and women, born in Chile or Colombia. Documentary analysis and a questionnaire with open questions were adapted as data collection techniques. The results show a positive assessment of the agreement since it has been managed from the three substantive university functions: teaching, research and social interaction; In it, the learning acquired by each participant and the need to deepen the investigation become strong. It is concluded that internationalization has many benefits from cultural exchange, international prestige and learning, as well as the transdisciplinarity of the agreement, which through critical thinking, building spaces for dialogue of knowledge not fragmented into disciplines, but united by genuine interest for knowledge.

O artigo tem como objetivo analisar a cooperação internacional, a partir do convênio entre a Universidade de Atacama UDA-Chile e a Universidade de Nariño UDENAR-Colômbia, as duas instituições são públicas e de ensino superior regional. O estudo foi qualitativo - descritivo, os participantes foram I3 entre professores, administradores e alunos pertencentes às duas universidades. Suas idades oscilam entre 2I e 59 anos, homens e mulheres, nascidos no Chile ou na Colômbia. A análise documental e um questionário com questões abertas foram utilizados como técnicas de coleta de dados. Os resultados mostram uma avaliação positiva do convênio, uma vez que tem sido gerido a partir das três funções substantivas da universidade: ensino, pesquisa e interação social; Nesse mesmo sentido, torna-se forte o aprendizado adquirido por cada participante e a necessidade de aprofundar a pesquisa. Conclui-se que a internacionalização traz muitos benefícios pelo intercâmbio cultural, prestígio internacional e aprendizado, bem como a transdisciplinaridade do convênio, que por meio do pensamento crítico, constrói espaços de diálogo de saberes não fragmentados em disciplinas, mas unidos pelo interesse genuíno.

Current situation of acupuncture and moxibustion patents in China and abroad / 中国针灸

The patents of acupuncture and moxibustion in China and abroad was analyzed, aiming to provide support for the innovative development of acupuncture industry. With the China Think Tank of Patent of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the PatSnap database as data sources, based on the mathematical statistics method, the application trend, legal status, patent types, transformation and distribution of major technical fields of acupuncture patents in China and abroad were analyzed. As a result, a total of 53,422 acupuncture patents were screened, involving 49 countries and 4 organizations. The patent types were mainly utility model patents. Although the application number of acupuncture patent had increased rapidly, the average patent conversion rate was generally low, approximately 4%. In the context of global economic integration, the acupuncture industry is developing at a high speed. It is suggested to take advantage of the "Belt and Road Initiative" to improve the international acceptance of acupuncture and moxibustion, adhere to the principle of attaching equal importance to the number and quality of patents, promote the in-depth cooperation of industry-university-research, and promote high-quality development of acupuncture and moxibustion.

Establishment and operation of international English journal in special medicine / 中国辐射卫生

In response to the national strategy of building first-class journals and filling the gaps in English journals on radiation medicine and protection, the Radiation Medicine and Protection (RMP) was founded. Within three years, it has entered domestic and international databases such as DOAJ, Scopus, CSCD, WJCI and Embase with its CiteScore ranking first in the discipline and WJCI index surpassing a variety of international authoritative radiation protection journals. Collaborating with KeAi and Elsevier successively, this open access publisher has gained a significant number of international citations to achieve international visibility. Owing to the influence of disciplinary characteristics, domestic evaluation systems, and international exchange situation, RMP is facing development bottlenecks. We hope to explore breakthrough measures from the aspects of expanding manuscript sources, strengthening academic exchanges, and attracting young experts to joining the editorial board.

ICT and the Trading Negotiation for International Sale Contracts in the Pacific Alliance Firms / Las TIC y la Negociación de Contratos de Compraventa Internacional en las Empresas de la Alianza del Pacífico / TIC e a Negociação Comercial para Contratos de Venda Internacional nas Firmas da Aliança do Pacífico

Abstract Introduction. Information and communication technologies (ICT) have changed the way firms conduct their international business transactions, as small, medium and large companies are increasingly adopting these tools in order to improve productivity in operational processes, including the internationalization of goods and services. Objective. This paper aims to identify the ICT most commonly used in the international trade negotiation process for the achievement of import and export contracts in Pacific Alliance firms. Methodology. A survey was conducted among 401 internationalized firms in this regional trade bloc formed by Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. A descriptive analysis was also applied to present the results of the study, highlighting the ICT most used in international trade negotiations and, likewise, an ordered logistic regression was applied to explain both the level of importance given to ICT in the negotiation process and the frequency of use within this trade agreement. Results The research reveals that ICT are essential for each phase of the international negotiation, especially in the preparation phase. Conclusion. The use of specialized ICT, such as e-procurement, ERP, CRM, NSS and scenario building software, increases as the size of companies also increases.

Resumen Introducción. Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) han cambiado la forma en que las empresas llevan a cabo sus transacciones comerciales internacionales, ya que las pequeñas, medianas y grandes empresas están adoptando cada vez más estas herramientas con el fin de mejorar la productividad en los procesos operativos, incluida la internacionalización comercial e industrial. Objetivo. Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar las TIC más utilizadas en el proceso de negociación comercial internacional para la consecución de contratos de importación y exportación en las empresas de la Alianza del Pacífico. Metodología. Se realizó una encuesta en 401 empresas internacionalizadas en este bloque comercial regional conformado por Chile, Colombia, México y Perú. Asimismo, se aplica un análisis descriptivo para presentar los resultados del estudio destacando las TIC más utilizadas dentro de la negociación comercial internacional y, del mismo modo, se aplica una regresión logística ordenada para explicar tanto el nivel de importancia que se le da a las TIC en el proceso de negociación como la frecuencia de uso dentro de este acuerdo comercial. Resultados. La investigación también revela que las TIC son esenciales para cada fase de la negociación internacional, especialmente en la fase de preparación. Conclusión. El uso de las TIC especializadas, como la contratación electrónica, el ERP, el CRM, el NSS y el software de creación de escenarios, aumenta a medida que aumenta también el tamaño de las empresas.

Resumo Introdução. As tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) mudaram a maneira como as empresas realizam transações comerciais internacionais, já que as pequenas, médias e grandes empresas estão adotando cada vez mais essas ferramentas a fim de melhorar a produtividade nos processos operacionais, incluindo a internacionalização comercial e industrial. Objetivo. Este artigo visa identificar as TIC mais utilizadas no processo de negociação comercial internacional para a obtenção de contratos de importação e exportação em empresas da Pacific Alliance. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma pesquisa entre 401 empresas internacionalizadas neste bloco comercial regional formado pelo Chile, Colômbia, México e Peru. Uma análise descritiva também foi aplicada para apresentar os resultados do estudo, destacando as TIC mais utilizadas nas negociações comerciais internacionais, e uma regressão logística ordenada foi aplicada para explicar tanto o nível de importância dado às TIC no processo de negociação quanto a frequência de uso dentro deste acordo comercial. Resultados. A pesquisa também revela que as TIC são essenciais para cada fase da negociação internacional, especialmente na fase de preparação. Conclusão. O uso de TIC especializadas, tais como e-procurement, ERP, CRM, NSS e software de construção de cenários, aumenta conforme aumenta o tamanho das empresas.

5 ． Taking Advantage of the Global RWD Standard ―OMOP CDM and OHDSI― / 薬剤疫学

Real World Data (RWD) has various types of data sources, but each source has a different format and terminology code, which makes analysis process cumbersome and repetitive. The OMOP Common Data Model (CDM) is an open standard for analysis of RWD on a global scale, and the OHDSI community is responsible for its maintenance and development. What sets the OMOP CDM apart from other data standards is the way in which it has created a structure for integrating and handling terminology globally, and the way in which analysis is conducted without exposing individual patient information outside. Such features facilitate international collaboration. The method of not releasing patient data outside is expected to be widely utilized in future because it is highly compatible with Japan's pseudonymously processed information (PPI) based on the personal information protection act, in which PPI data cannot be provided to any third party but the purpose of use can be easily changed. There are many advantages not only for international collaboration, but also for domestic collaboration or in-house use. Epidemiologists and data scientists will be able to handle data in the same model they are accustomed to both domestically and internationally. That will be of great benefit to students, personnel, and their organizations especially when they study abroad, return home, or transfer internationally. Globally, collaborators from more than 70 countries are working on this project. Data on more than 800 million people after eliminating estimated duplicates, or 10％ of the world's population, has been converted to the OMOP CDM. More than 250 related published articles have been registered with PubMed. On the other hand in Japan, there are many issues to be solved, such as support system and terminology mapping. To catch up with international levels, strong cooperation from a wide range of fields is needed.

Research and development of intelligent medical equipment and internationalization of acupuncture and moxibustion: thoughts from researchers of acupuncture robot / 中国针灸

Under the background of artificial intelligence, the internationalization of acupuncture and moxibustion has braced an important opportunity. Intelligent medical equipment for acupuncture and moxibustion has entered from the laboratory into the clinic. However, the current research focuses on optimizing acupuncture treatment technology rather than innovating acupuncture theory. Internationally, the westernization of traditional acupuncture and the dilution of its characteristics are worrying. It is urgent to promote the China-led international standards of acupuncture and moxibustion and the patent protection of traditional acupuncture and moxibustion. Intelligent medical equipment will play the role of media, and promote the internationalization of traditional acupuncture and moxibustion with standardized and highly-integrated intelligent medical equipment for acupuncture and moxibustion, and integrate modern scientific and technological achievements. It is a feasible way for the internationalization of acupuncture and moxibustion.

Sustainable development roadmap of Chinese antimalarial products / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

As the first country that has been certified malaria-free in the WHO Western Pacific Region for more than 3 decades, China should share its successful experiences of malaria control and provide globally recognized anti-malaria products by making full uses of its advantages in provision and production capacity of artemisinin raw materials, to fill the gaps of international demands for mosquito nets, rapid diagnostic reagents and antimalarial compounds. Increasing the investment of research and development of antimalarial products, building overseas bases for artemisinin raw material production, establishing international regulatory authority and promoting the local production of antimalarial products are needed to further promote the internationalization of Chinese antimalarial products, so as to achieve the equity and accessibility of Chinese antimalarial products in highburden regions for malaria.

Impacto de los Intercambios Estudiantiles sobre las competencias de los estudiantes de Medicina Veterinaria / Impact of International Student Exchanges on the competences in Veterinary Medicine students

Resumen El presente estudio se propone analizar de qué manera incide el proceso de movilidad estudiantil en la formación de competencias profesionales en los estudiantes de Medicina Veterinaria de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral que participaron en el Programa Internacional de Movilidad de Estudiantes durante el año 2019. La estrategia metodológica está basada en el estudio de casos donde se combinan las perspectivas cuantitativa y cualitativa, entendiendo que estos dos planteamientos son complementarios y que además permiten realizar una triangulación para responder de forma más adecuada a los objetivos de la investigación. Dentro de los principales aportes de la experiencia de movilidad surge la necesidad de reconocer que es un espacio en el que conviven diferentes procesos de enseñanza y de aprendizaje; favoreciendo en quienes tienen la oportunidad de participar el desarrollo de nuevas competencias mediante el acercamiento a nuevas culturas y lenguajes, actividades de investigación, modos de circulación del conocimiento; que habilitan a ampliar la visión de los estudiantes al sumergirse en nuevos sistemas de educación. Asimismo, la movilidad académica internacional posibilita que los alumnos puedan vivenciar múltiples situaciones en las que deben poner en juego diversas competencias.

Abstract This study aims to account for the development of professional competences in Veteri-nary Medicine students involved in an International Student Exchanges. It was carried out with Veterinary Medicine students from Universidad Nacional del Litoral who participated in an International Student Mobility Program during 2019, and it analyzes the impact of student mobility on the formation of professional competences. The methodological strategy applied was the case study, where the quantitative and qualitative perspectives are combined. This triangulation allowed addressing the objectives of the study more adequately. Among the main contributions of the experience, it was found that it is a space where different teaching and learning processes favor the development of new competences in those who have the opportunity to participate in new education systems by approaching new cultures and languages, research projects and ways of knowledge circulation, thus enabling to broaden their horizons. Likewise, international academic mobility enables students to experience multiple situations in which they must employ various skills and attitudes.

Políticas de internacionalização no ensino superior: desafios descoloniais para as ciências humanas e sociais / Políticas de internacionalización en la enseñanza superior: retos decoloniales para las ciencias humanas y sociales / Internationalization policies in higher education: decolonial challenges for the human and social sciences

O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para a discussão sobre as políticas de internacionalização do ensino superior do Brasil que, desde a década de 70 do século XX, tem considerado a trajetória científica dos países do Norte como o paradigma a ser seguido. Minha contribuição aqui pretende: (a) examinar, sob a perspectiva descolonial, as políticas de internacionalização no âmbito de uma geopolítica do conhecimento; (b) relacionar a internacionalização com os processos de globalização do capitalismo internacional, e o que vem sendo chamado de capitalismo acadêmico; (c) discutir algumas insurgências relativas à divisão internacional do trabalho acadêmico e a crítica à ciência universal; (d) problematizar "a subjetividade que conhece" na formação de cientistas e pesquisadores/ as da periferia; (e) vislumbrar outros horizontes para o Sul, o Brasil, a Universidade e as Ciências Humanas e Sociais.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the discussion about higher education's internationalization policies in Brazil, which, since the 1970s, has considered the scientific trajectory of the Northern countries as the paradigm to be followed. My contribution here aims at: (a) examining, under a decolonial perspective, the relevance of internationalization policies in the scope of a geopolitics of knowledge; (b) relating the internationalization processes with those of the globalization of international capitalism, and what is being called academic capitalism; (c) discussing some insurgences regarding the international division of academic work and some criticisms to the universal science; (d) problematizing the "subjectivity that knows" in the qualification of Southern researchers of the periphery; (e) envisage alternative horizons for the South, the university and Human and Social Sciences.

El objetivo de ese trabajo es contribuir para la discusión sobre las políticas de internacionalización de la enseñanza superior en Brasil que, desde la década de 70 en el siglo pasado, ha considerado la trayectoria de los países del Norte como un paradigma a ser seguido. Mi contribución aquí pretende: (a) examinar, bajo una perspectiva decolonial, las políticas de internacionalización, en el ámbito de la geopolítica del conocimiento; (b) relacionar los procesos de internacionalización con los de la globalización del capitalismo internacional y lo que es llamado de capitalismo académico; (c) discutir algunas insurgencias con respeto a la división internacional del trabajo académico y la ciencia universal; (d) problematizar la "subjetividad que conoce" en la formación de los investigadores del Sur de la periferia; (e) vislumbrar horizontes alternativos para el Sur, la universidad y las ciencias humanas y sociales.

Entre partidas e chegadas: as possibilidades da mobilidade acadêmica para a formação inicial em Educação Física / Between departures and arrivals: the possibilities of student mobility for initial training in Physical Education / Entre salidas y llegadas: las posibilidades de movilidad académica para la formación inicial en Educación Física

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los aportes que la movilidad de estudiantes internacionales puede brindar para la formación inicial, identificando también las principales motivaciones y desafíos que encuentran los estudiantes durante el período en el extranjero. Participaron del estudio dieciséis estudiantes de pregrado y bachillerato en Educación Física de la Universidad Federal de Pelotas/RS, quienes respondieron un cuestionario semiestructurado enviado en línea. Los resultados mostraron que el deseo de conocer un país diferente, el estímulo del profesorado y la búsqueda de la cualificación profesional fueron los principales motivos para lograr la movilidad. Las principales dificultades encontradas fueron afrontar la burocracia del aviso público o los problemas familiares/económicos afrontados. En cuanto a las principales aportaciones a la formación, destacan el conocimiento de nuevas y diferentes culturas, la estructura cualificada de la que se disfruta en la universidad extranjera y el establecimiento de redes de colaboración científica con profesores y grupos de investigación del exterior.

The present study aimed to analyze the contributions that international student mobility can provide for initial training, also identifying the main motivations and challenges encountered by students during the period abroad. Sixteen students from undergraduate and bachelor's degrees in Physical Education from the Federal University of Pelotas/RS participated in the study, who answered a semi-structured questionnaire sent online. The results showed that the desire to get to know a different country, the encouragement of teachers and the search for professional qualification were the main reasons for achieving mobility. The main difficulties encountered were meeting the bureaucracy of the public notice or family/financial problems faced. Regarding the main contributions to training, the knowledge of new and different cultures, the qualified structure enjoyed at the foreign university, and the establishment of networks of scientific collaboration with professors and research groups abroad stand out.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los aportes que la movilidad de estudiantes internacionales puede brindar para la formación inicial, identificando también las principales motivaciones y desafíos que encuentran los estudiantes durante el período en el extranjero. Participaron del estudio dieciséis estudiantes de pregrado y bachillerato en Educación Física de la Universidad Federal de Pelotas/RS, quienes respondieron un cuestionario semiestructurado enviado en línea. Los resultados mostraron que el deseo de conocer un país diferente, el estímulo del profesorado y la búsqueda de la cualificación profesional fueron los principales motivos para lograr la movilidad. Las principales dificultades encontradas fueron afrontar la burocracia del aviso público o los problemas familiares/económicos afrontados. En cuanto a las principales aportaciones a la formación, destacan el conocimiento de nuevas y diferentes culturas, la estructura cualificada de la que se disfruta en la universidad extranjera y el establecimiento de redes de colaboración científica con profesores y grupos de investigación del exterior.

A preliminary study on measurement of capability of spreading Traditional Chinese Medicine of young and middle-aged physicians in Traditional Chinese Medicine hospitals / 国际中医中药杂志

The cross-cultural sensitivity scale (ISS) and the self-made cross-cultural communication Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) professional ability test were used to investigate the ability of 151 young and middle-aged doctors (under 45 years old) in Xiyuan Hospital of Chinese Academy of Chinese Medicine. SPSS 21.0 was used to describe the statistics of the questionnaire data. ANOVA was used to analyze the factors that affected the capability, and Pearson to analyze the relevance of the internal structure of this capability. The final score of the test was 3.73±0.54 points (5 points in total). The capability of spreading TCM of young and middle-aged doctors had a significant positive correlation with their individual professional background, English language proficiency, and oversea experience ( P<0.05). The result showed that the correlation among 5 dimensions of cross-cultural sensitivity was significant, and there was a significant correlation between cross-cultural sensitivity and professional competence to spread TCM ( r>0.5, P<0.01). The young and middle-aged doctors in this hospital had an overall high score in this survey, and it was necessary to improve interaction enjoyment and strengthen professional English training. When selecting relevant talents, it should be noted that those with educational background of TCM and integrated TCM and western medicine were more suitable as workers to spread TCM. Educational background, English ability, and relevant experience showed a significant impact on capability to spread TCM. It was recommended to carry out quantitative testing of the capability to spread TCM of young and middle-aged doctors widely. When selecting talents for cross-cultural spreading of TCM, attention should be paid on factors that related to the capability.

Internationalized background of developing modern acupuncture and moxibustion-on the reform of teaching material of / 中国针灸

This paper analyzes the severe challenges posed by the localization process in the internationalization of Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion to Chinese traditional acupuncture and moxibustion, and the ways to deal with the challenges. It is believed that the lack of deep understanding of the challenges in the process of internationalization of acupuncture and moxibustion is mainly due to the lack of knowledge structure of acupuncture and moxibustion, and the innovation of acupuncture and moxibustion teaching materials is the basis of effectively adjusting the knowledge structure. The direction of the reform of acupuncture and moxibustion teaching materials should separate the modern version of acupuncture and moxibustion that conforms to the nature of science and teach it in parallel with the traditional version of acupuncture and moxibustion. The development of modern acupuncture and moxibustion in line with the nature of science is not only an urgent need to meet the challenges of western acupuncture and moxibustion, but also an internal requirement for the development of acupuncture and moxibustion itself.

Psicologia e internacionalização: notas críticas para pensar hierarquias Norte-Sul / Psychology and Internationalization: critical notes for thinking North-South hierarchies / Psychologie et internationalisation: notes critiques pour penser les hiérarchies Nord-Sud / Psicología e internacionalización: notas críticas para pensar en jerarquías Norte-Sur

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é promover o debate sobre as políticas de internacionalização, levando em conta as diferentes psicologias presentes no Brasil e no mundo e a relação que se estabelece entre os conhecimentos produzidos nos países do norte e os produzidos nos países do sul. Destaca-se nesse debate os elementos críticos sobre as assimetrias Norte-Sul na política de internacionalização. Para tanto, recorremos à contribuição de leituras pós-coloniais e descoloniais.

Abstract This article debates on Internationalization Policies, taking into account the different psychologies present in Brazil and worldwide and the relation established between the knowledge produced in the countries of the North and in the countries of the South. This debate focuses on the critical elements about North-South asymmetries in Internationalization Policy. For that, we seek support on the contributions of postcolonial and decolonial theories.

Résumé Cet article vise à promouvoir le débat sur les politiques d'internationalisation, en prenant compte les différentes psychologies présentes au Brésil et dans le monde, ainsi que la relation qui s'établit entre les savoirs produits dans les pays du Nord et ceux produits dans les pays du Sud. À l'intérieur de ce débat, les éléments critiques des asymétries Nord-Sud dans la politique d'internationalisation sont mis en relief. À cet effet, nous profitons de l'apport des lectures post-coloniales et décoloniales.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es promover el debate sobre las políticas de internacionalización, teniendo en cuenta las diferentes psicologías presentes en Brasil y en el mundo y la relación que se establece entre el conocimiento producido en los países del Norte y en los países del Sur. Se destacan en este debate los planteamientos críticos sobre las asimetrías Norte-Sur en la política de internacionalización. Para eso, recurrimos a la contribución de las lecturas poscoloniales y decoloniales.

La internacionalización del conocimiento / Internationalization of Knowledge

El tema de la internacionalización del conocimiento no es nuevo; sin embargo, resulta uno de los más complejos y estratégicos que debe enfrentar la educación superior. A partir de los métodos tradicionales, el intercambio académico en estos momentos tiene un enfoque más abarcador, apoyado en el uso de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones. En este sentido, el presente artículo tiene el objetivo de analizar las realidades, los desafíos, las oportunidades y las amenazas que la internacionalización del conocimiento impone a la universidad en general. A partir del concepto de internacionalización tradicional, se enfocan los aspectos relacionados con la educación superior y su importancia para generar oportunidades y ampliar los horizontes de producción, almacenamiento y transmisión de conocimientos en esta época, caracterizada por la globalización, como una tarea urgente en un mundo de desigualdades crecientes y grandes crisis sociales y económicas, para vencer barreras culturales, políticas y geográficas. La internacionalización del conocimiento en la época actual constituye un tema relevante, que impone nuevos retos y requiere de una adecuada cultura de internacionalización en el seno de las universidades, así como de la preparación adecuada de los factores involucrados directa o indirectamente en su aplicación(AU)

The issue of internationalization of knowledge is not new. However, it is one of the most complex and strategic ones that higher education must face. Based on traditional methods, academic exchange now has a more comprehensive approach, supported by the use of new information and communications technologies. In this respect, this article aims to analyze the realities, challenges, opportunities and threats that the internationalization of knowledge imposes on the university in general. Based on the concept of traditional internationalization, focus is placed on aspects related to higher education and its importance to generate opportunities and expand the horizons of production, storage and transmission of knowledge at this time, characterized by globalization, and as an urgent task in a world of growing inequalities and major social and economic crises, to overcome cultural, political and geographical barriers. Internationalization of knowledge in the current era is a relevant issue, which imposes new challenges and requires an adequate culture of internationalization within universities, as well as the adequate preparation of the actors directly or indirectly involved in its application(AU)

Path selection of internationalization of traditional Chinese Medicine based on Belt and Road Initiative strategy / 中草药

With the continuous promotion of "Belt and Road Initiative" strategy, it has brought unprecedented opportunities for the development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) industry in China. Although TCM culture has a long history and TCM industry is huge, the data analysis with the ASEAN countries from 2009 to 2018 shows that there is still much room for development in the aspects of technological progress efficiency, scale efficiency, and technological innovation efficiency of TCM industry in China. The internationalization of TCM industry in the process of "Belt and Road Initiative" strategy from three aspects: setting up "Belt and Road Initiative"TCM technology industry fund, building authentic medicine cluster brand, and promoting the breakthrough of TCM biotechnology by equipment innovation are put forwardin this paper.

Localization of Chinese acupuncture-moxibustion in the United States: the openness of modern acupuncture-moxibustion system / 中国针灸

The internationalization of Chinese acupuncture-moxibustion is inevitably accompanied by the localization of acupuncture-moxibustion. The localization of acupuncture-moxibustion will inevitably promote the diversified development of acupuncture-moxibustion technique and theory, which fully demonstrates the openness of modern acupuncture-moxibustion. In this study, the characteristics of localization of Chinese acupuncture-moxibustion in the United States are explored and studied from the following aspects: legal adjustment, technical adjustment, educational adjustment, service adjustment and theoretical adjustment.

Factores que impulsan la internacionalización en las pymes industriales del Eje Cafetero colombiano: estudio de caso / Factors driving industrial SMEs in the Colombian Coffee Region towards internationalization / Fatores que impulsionam a Internacionalização nas PMEs Industriais da Região cafeeira colombiana

Resumen Se presentan los factores que han impulsado a algunas pymes industriales de los departamentos de Caldas, Quindío y Risaralda a emprender procesos de internacionalización, a partir de un estudio de caso múltiple exploratorio y de corte cualitativo descriptivo. Los resultados sugieren que las pymes industriales exportadoras consultadas hacen alguna adaptación a los productos que exportan y cuentan con políticas de calidad en los procesos de producción. Gran parte de ellas sostiene que no tiene planes para el manejo de conflictos a nivel internacional y que las exportaciones han contribuido a mejorar la productividad de la empresa; otras afirman tener dificultades con la capacidad de negociación internacional, aunque desarrollan productos innovadores y se interesan en conocer a sus competidores en el exterior: Un buen número reconoce que es difícil encontrar personal calificado para laborar en esta área, mientras que unas pocas realizan estudios sobre el mercado extranjero, concluyéndose que aunque la mayor parte de las pymes industriales exportadoras del Eje Cafetero han logrado abrirse a los mercados internacionales gracias al desarrollo competitivo que han tenido inicialmente a nivel regional, debe mejorarse el perfil de los directivos del área internacional e incrementarse las estrategias de promoción y distribución para lograr y mantener ventajas competitivas. Clasificación JEL: F2

Abstract This paper presents the factors which have driven some industrial SMEs (Small and Medium-sized enterprises) in the departments of Caldas, Quindío and Risaralda to start internationalization processes, based on a multiple case study with an exploratory qualitative descriptive scope. The results suggest that industrial and exporting SMEs of this study adapt the products to be exported and follow quality policies in the production processes. Many of these companies have stated that there are no plans for dealing with conflicts at an international level and that exports have contributed to improving the company's productivity of Others have claimed to have difficulties with international negotiation skills, despite having developed innovative products and being interested in knowing their competitors abroad. A large number of these SMEs recognize the difficulties in finding qualified personnel to work in this area, while a small number of them carry out studies on the foreign market. The conclusion is that although most of the industrial & exporting SMEs of the Colombian Coffee Region consulted have managed to open up to international markets, thanks to their initial competitive development at the regional level, the administrative staff profile of the international area must be improved and promotion and distribution strategies increased in order to achieve and maintain competitive advantages. JEL Classification: F2

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os fatores que levaram algumas PMEs industriais dos departamentos de Caldas, Quindío e Risaralda a empreender processos de internacionalização, com base em um estudo de casos múltiplos de natureza exploratória qualitativa descritiva. Os resultados do estudo sugerem que as PMEs Industriais Exportadoras que foram consultadas fazem alguma adaptação aos produtos que exportam e possuem políticas de qualidade nos processos produtivos; Muitas delas sustentam que não têm planos para a gestão de conflitos a nível internacional e que as exportações contribuíram para melhorar a produtividade da empresa; outras afirmam ter dificuldades com as habilidades de negociação internacional, embora desenvolvam produtos inovadores e estejam interessados em conhecer seus concorrentes no exterior: Um bom número dessas PMEs reconhece que é difícil encontrar pessoal qualificado para trabalhar nessa área, enquanto poucas fazem estudos sobre o mercado externo, concluindo que, embora a maioria das PMEs industriais exportadoras da Região Cafeeira consultadas tenham conseguido se abrir aos mercados internacionais graças ao desenvolvimento competitivo que inicialmente tiveram no nível regional, o perfil dos gestores da área internacional deve ser melhorado e as estratégias de promoção e distribuição devem ser aumentadas para alcançar e manter as vantagens competitivas. Classificações JEL: F2

Research on trend of international trade in “Belt and Road” of Chinese materia medica resources based on import and encouraging international perspective / 中草药

“The Belt and Road” initiative has put forward new requirements for the development of international trade in Chinese medicine resources. In the new era, the development of traditional Chinese medicine resources needs to build a new pattern of all-round opening up. Based on the theory of national competitive advantage in international trade and the theory of regional spatial economy, this paper provides a theoretical basis for upgrading the natural import pattern of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs to the new mode of resource economy in the international layout of Chinese medicine resources. The market development of medicinal materials resources also promotes the transformation and upgrades of the domestic traditional Chinese medicine resources industry. Therefore, it is proposed that the international trade of Chinese medicine resources in the new era is an upgraded version of “import trade”. It is a measure for the cultivation and development of the international market of Chinese herbal resources and economy. It is also a strategy to promote domestic scientific and efficient utilization, and provide a theoretical and method basis for formulating the policy of international distribution and optimization of the utilization of new Chinese medicine resources.

La internacionalización e integración regional de la educación superior cien años después de la Reforma Universitaria de Córdoba de 1918 / A internacionalização e integração regional da educação superior cem anos após a Reforma Universitária de Córdoba de 1918 / The internationalization and regional integration of higher education one hundred years after the University Reform of Córdoba in 1918

Este ensayo discute el tema de la internacionalización e integración regional de la Educación Superior a partir de un ejercicio de memoria histórica en el que se rescatan los componentes centrales del proceso que originó la Reforma de 1918 en la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina), protagonizada por el movimiento estudiantil de esa casa de estudios y que luego se extendió a otras universidades latinoamericanas. Para eso se abordan: el análisis político de los procesos de internacionalización e integración regional universitaria contemporáneos; los elementos centrales que permiten recuperar ideas de la Reforma Universitaria de 1918 y de su alcance como movimiento universitario a escala latinoamericana y el análisis de ese proceso efectuado en la época por José Carlos Mariátegui, intelectual marxista peruano que apoyó esas iniciativas.

Este ensaio discute a questão da internacionalização e integração regional da Educação Superior a partir de um exercício de memória histórica em que são resgatados os componentes centrais do processo que originou a Reforma de 1918, na Universidade Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina), protagonizada pelo movimento estudantil daquela casa de estudos e que depois se estendeu a outras universidades latino-americanas. Para tanto, são abordados: a análise política dos processos de internacionalização e integração universitária regional contemporânea; os elementos centrais que nos permitem recuperar as idéias da Reforma Universitária de 1918 e seu alcance como movimento universitário em escala latino-americana e a análise desse processo realizado na época por José Carlos Mariátegui, intelectual marxista peruano que apoiou essas iniciativas.

This essay discusses the issue of the internationalization and regional integration of Higher Education from an exercise of historical memory in which the central components of the process that originated the 1918 Reform at the National University of Córdoba, Argentina, were rescued as a protagonist to the student movement of that house of studies and then extended to other Latin American universities. For that, they are approached: the political analysis of the processes of internationalization and contemporary regional university integration; the central elements that allow us to recover ideas of the University Reform of 1918 and its scope as a university movement on a Latin American scale and the analysis of that process carried out at the time by José Carlos Mariátegui, a Peruvian Marxist intellectual who supported these initiatives.